Biblio
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(1965). The Divided Self.
"The component we wish to separate off for the moment is the initial compliance with the other person's intentions or expectations for one's self, or what are felt to be the other person's intentions or expectations. This usually amounts to an excess of being 'good', never doing anything other than what one is told, never being 'a trouble', never asserting or even betraying any counter-will of one's own. Being good is not, however, done out of any positive desire on the individual's part to do the things that are said by others to be good, but is a negative conformity to a standard that is the other's standard and not one's own, and is prompted by the dread of what might happen if one were to be oneself in actuality. [emphasis mine] This compliance is partly, therefore, a betrayal of one's own true possibilities, but is also a technique of concealing and preserving one's own true possibilities, which, however, risk never becoming translated into actualities if they are entirely concentrated in an inner self for whom all things are possible in imagination but nothing is possible in fact."
(1966). Automation, education, and human values.
"A fourth reason [we regard widespread automation with suspicion] lies in our inability to think of a responsible role in society which is not evaluated as a job, paid for with money, which individuals seek freely, from which they can be fired, and at which they must work or else, if not starve, they will live in humiliation and deprivation. We can look forward to a day in which the privilege of working will be open to all but under no threat of starvation." (p. 69)
(1966). On Aggression.
"Aggression elicited by any deviation from a group's characteristic manners and mannerisms forces all its members into a strictly uniform observance of these norms of social behavior. The nonconformist is discriminated against as an 'outsider' and, in primitive groups, for which school classes or small military units serve as good examples, he is mobbed in the most cruel manner." (p. 79)
(1966). Survival in the Executive Jungle.
"One executive who decided that, after all, every major company president already had his own corporate aircraft, topped them all by arranging round-trip helicopter transportation from his front lawn directly to the company parking lot each morning and evening. To the board of directors he provided many rationalizations: the helicopter conserved his precious time and energy; it wasn't that much more expensive than a chauffeured limousine. The true reason, of course, was that it gave him a feeling of importance that no amount of money could supply." (p. 170)
(1967). Lisp 1.5 Primer.
(1967). The New Industrial State.
(1967). Programming systems and languages..
(1967). Managers for Tomorrow : A Modern Psychological Approach to the Managerial Process.
No matter all of the talk about people's loss of interest in their work, the manager can still count on the desire to do a good job; pride in performance will always exist. However, there are forces, both in the work situation and in our society at large, that limit opportunities to fulfill this motive.
One factor in the work situation is the nature of the job. If the work to be done is dull and unchallenging, the individual can get no real satisfaction from doing it well."
One factor in the work situation is the nature of the job. If the work to be done is dull and unchallenging, the individual can get no real satisfaction from doing it well."
(1967). The Principles of Scientific Management.
"The knowledge obtained from accurate time study, for example, is a powerful implement, and can be used, in one case to promote harmony between workmen and the management, by gradually educating, training, and leading the workmen into new and better methods of doing work, or, in the other case, it may be used more or less as a club to drive the workmen into doing a larger day's work for approximately the same pay that they had received in the past." (p. 134)
(1967). The Professional Manager.
"Often the provision of opportunities for intrinsic rewards becomes a matter of removing restraints. Progress is rarely fast because people who have become accustomed to control through extrinsic rewards must learn new attitudes and habits before they can feel secure in accepting opportunities for intrinsic rewards at work. If there is not a fair degree of mutual trust, and some positive support, the whole idea may appear highly risky to them." (p. 14)
(1967). Sociology and modern systems theory..
"As in any organization, rules were selectively evoked, broken, or ignored to suit the defined needs of personnel. Higher administrative levels, especially, avoided periodic attempts to have the rules codified and formalized, for fear of restricting the innovation and improvisation believed necessary to the care of patients. Also, the multiplicity of professional ideologies, theories, and purposes would never tolerate such a rigidification." (p. 150)
(1967). Managers for tomorrow.
"The motivations for work that stem from the desire to hang on and protect ourselves from real or imaginary attack have one common core—the direction of the motivational force is negative. The aim is to avoid or minimize trouble. Work under such conditions is at best burdensome and at its worst approaches the nightmare fringes of terror. Short-range output may be high, but the endurance of the worker is as yet undetermined." (p. 134)
(1968). The SNOBOL4 programming language.
(1968). The Heart of Man: Its Genius for Good and Evil.
"The very need to achieve something creative makes it necessary to leave the closed circle of group solipsism and to be interested in the object it wants to achieve." (p. 94)
(1969). Business as a Game.
"Men down the line often tend to judge the boss with unrealistic severity—to expect perfection from him, complete rationality, absolute efficiency. Yet a little observation tells us that business is not carried out in a rational way....Wastefulness, shortsighted policies, impulsive moves, excessive use of trial and error methods, strange personal quirks in high places—all this is normal in business." (p. 71)
(1969). Management: Theory and Practice.
"First of all, the chief executive can exercise great powers on legal grounds. The bylaws of most corporations provide for the appointment of a chief executive who has practically full powers except as they are limited by the board of directors.
Secondly, the chief executive can strengthen this power by judicious use of rewards and punishments. Complying subordinates can be given salary increases, bonuses, stock options, benefits of all kinds, and status symbols, such as large offices, free cars, and credit cards. Conversely, he can withhold these and other privileges from subordinates who oppose his views. And he need not resort to discharge to make his displeasure even more evident. He can send men to 'managerial Siberia'—some post where they have nothing of importance to do—or gradually withdraw responsibilities from them until they become disgusted enough to quit. It is not necessary for the chief executive to take drastic steps very often. If he has occasionally done so in the past, few will care to challenge his power." (p. 88)
Secondly, the chief executive can strengthen this power by judicious use of rewards and punishments. Complying subordinates can be given salary increases, bonuses, stock options, benefits of all kinds, and status symbols, such as large offices, free cars, and credit cards. Conversely, he can withhold these and other privileges from subordinates who oppose his views. And he need not resort to discharge to make his displeasure even more evident. He can send men to 'managerial Siberia'—some post where they have nothing of importance to do—or gradually withdraw responsibilities from them until they become disgusted enough to quit. It is not necessary for the chief executive to take drastic steps very often. If he has occasionally done so in the past, few will care to challenge his power." (p. 88)
(1969). Stress and frustration.
"Once we encounter a vivid demonstration of our vulnerability to a potential source of danger, we cannot maintain a relaxed attitude. We can no longer assume that the danger applies only to other people, that we shall never be touched by it." (p. 85)
(1970). Switching and Finite Automata Theory.
(1970). Man For Himself: An Inquiry Into the Psychology of Ethics.
"Since modern man experiences himself as both the seller and the commodity to be sold on the market, his self-esteem depends on conditions beyond his control. If he is 'successful,' he is valuable; if he is not, he is worthless." (p. 72)
(1972). Man and the Computer.
(1973). Aging & mental health : positive psychosocial and biomedical approaches.
"New models of vocational rehabilitation, supported employment, and skill development will need to be developed to respond to the desires of older adults to engage in meaningful activities in late life." (p. 177)
(1973). The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness.
"Power can mean power over people, or it can mean power to do things...Many writers, unfortunately, make use of this ambiguous meaning of the words 'power' and 'control', and in order to smuggle in the praise of 'power over' they identify it with 'power to'. Moreover, lack of control does not mean lack of any kind of organization, but only of those kinds in which the control is exploitative and the controlled cannot control the controllers." (p. 394)
"Being powerless and hence in danger of being enslaved, or having power and hence in danger of becoming dehumanized, are two evils. Which is to be shunned the most is a matter of religious and moral or political conviction." (p. 395)
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